Every day, ECMWF produces various global Analyses and Forecasts and archives them in MARS. The first ECMWF numerical model in 1979 was a grid-point model with 15 levels in the vertical and a horizontal resolution of 1.875 degrees in latitude and longitude, corresponding to a grid length of 200 kilometres. A number of major changes have occurred since ECMWF's activity started:
The upgrade to IFS Cycle 47r2 on 11 May 2021 increased the vertical resolution for the ensemble (ENS, streams enfo, enfh, efov, efho) from 91 to 137 model levels, bringing it in-line with the HRES resolution.
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In addition, various other projects run on a regular basis, such as Seasonal Forecast, Multi-Analysis Ensemble, Monthly Forecast and Sensitivity forecast, or have run in the past, for example the ECMWF reanalyses. All their outputs are available in MARS. The majority of Observations used as model input are also available in MARS.
A comprehensive list of changes in the ECMWF model can be found on our main website, giving detailed documentation on significant changes to the operational forecasting system.
In order to know the data available from MARS, users need to be familiar with ECMWF's activities. The overview given below is not exhaustive. It is rather meant as an introduction to ECMWF's activities and the most common products. Users wanting to learn more are encouraged to study the Forecast User Guide.
The datasets pages on the main website provide a good entry point to browse the MARS content in particular for operational and reanalysis data. From there you will also find links into the MARS Catalogue, which allows you to browse the entire MARS content.
Since 1998, ECMWF's atmospheric model is coupled with a wave model.
HRES-WAM (High RESolution WAve Model) is coupled to the atmospheric model (HRES) while HRES-SAW (High RESolution Stand Alone Wave model) is run as a standalone model. HRES-SAW, formerly known as LAM WAM (Limited Area Model WAM), Mediterranean or European Wave Model, now covers the whole globe (see Cycle 41r1 upgrade).
HRES-WAM and HRES-SAW offer the same parameters globally. > more details
ECMWF's Ensemble Prediction System has a coupled atmospheric and wave model. On 28 November 2006 the Variable Resolution Ensemble Prediction System (VarEPS) has been introduced by extending the forecast range from 10 to 15 days with a resolution of T399L62 for day 1 to day 10 (Leg 1) and T255L62 for day 11 to day 15 (Leg 2). On 11 March 2008 the Monthly Forecasting System, running once a week, has been integrated with the VarEPS. The new monthly forecast products were produced for the first time on 13 March 2008. With Cycle 48r1, 12 May 2015, Leg 2 was extended to 46 days (instead of 32) on Mondays and Thursday (at 00UTC) and the number of re-forecasts increased to 11 members twice per week. On 8 March 2016, Cycle 41r2, the upgraded horizontal resolution increased to about 18 km up to day 15 and about 36 km for the extended range. The resolution of the ensemble of data assimilations (EDA) is increased to 18 km. With Cycle 43r1, 22 November 2016, the resolutions of the dynamical ocean model (NEMO) increased from 1 degree and 42 layers to 0.25 degrees and 75 layers. The upgrade to IFS Cycle 47r2 on 11 May 2021 increased the vertical resolution for the ensemble (ENS, streams enfo, enfh, efov, efho) from 91 to 137 model levels.
IFS Cycle 48r1, implemented on 27 June 2023, increased the horizontal resolution of the medium-range ensemble (ENS) from 18 to 9 km and introduced a major upgrade to the configuration of the extended-range ensemble (ENS extended): Rather than being an extension of the medium-range forecasts starting twice a week at day 15 it will be a completely separate system, running daily from 00 UTC out to day 46 with 101 members. Over the entire forecast range the resolution will remain unchanged at 36 km horizontally and 137 model levels. As a result of these configuration changes Cycle 48r1 will offer two sets of re-forecasts (=hindcasts), one for the medium range and one for the extended range.
The Boundary Condition Optional Programme (BC) was initially set up in June 2000, to provide participating Member States with boundary conditions for their limited area models: four additional 3D-Var Analysis runs for 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC with a cut-off time of 4 hours, followed by global 4-day forecasts. All analysis data but only the forecast from 00 UTC are archived.
Since 14 Mar 2006 the BC production has been merged with the main operational forecast suite. In the new configuration, only the 06 and 18 UTC runs are part of the BC suite. For 00 and 12 UTC analysis and forecast are provided by the main operational HRES runs. Now all four data assimilation cycles are based on 6h 4d-Var with a cut-off time of 4 hours.
Since 15 Nov 2011 hourly output is produced from all 4 forecast runs.
The BC analysis and forecast fields, also referred to as short cut-off, are stored temporarily in MARS as STREAM=SCDA. The hourly data for 00 and 12 UTC are archived together with the main forecast runs as STREAM=DA.
On 22 June 2015 additional ensemble forecasts at 06/18 UTC have been added to the archive. The data can be retrieved using stream ENFO and WAEF.
There is currently only limited temporal storage in MARS for these products in line with the archive data available for 00 and 12 UTC, and no model levels are archived for the perturbed forecasts. Model level data can only be retrieved from MARS while the data is still available in the FDB, which is usually for up to two days for all four ENS cycles. Since July 2018 the full BC ENS data is available online in a rolling archive covering 30 days, see ENS BC model level data in MARS.
Valid BC data are available to members of the BC programme. They are also available to NMHSs of WMO, international organisations and research projects according to the rules laid out in the "Rules governing the distribution and dissemination of ECMWF real-time products".
Since 1 October 2018 the hourly data from 00/06/12/18Z forecast runs produced in the Boundary Conditions Programme are part of the Catalogue of ECMWF real-time products as " High Frequency Products".
Every day ECMWF receives Analyses from four centres, NCEP, The Met Office, Météo-France and Deutscher Wetterdienst, and runs 5 forecasts, 1 based on each different analyses plus one compound of all the analyses (consensus) including ECMWF's Analysis.
ECMWF started an experimental programme for seasonal prediction in 1995, which attempts to predict seasonal changes by coupling three models: atmospheric, wave and ocean models. > More information on the Seasonal Forecast
The monthly forecast (extended-range) is an extension of the ensemble (ENS) twice a week, on Monday and Thursday, to 46 days. > More information on the Monthly Forecast
This section describes the archiving of the monthly forecasting system after it became operational (7 October 2004 ) and before it was merged into the Ensemble Prediction System (11 March 2008).
Monthly archive of atmospheric fields:Raw data:The IFS writes the real-time data into the MNFC (1200) stream in MARS and the hindcast into the MNFH (1201) stream in MARS. All the data are archived using their original model representation (Reduced Gaussian grid or Spherical Harmonics). Upper-air fields are archived every 12 hours, whereas surface fields are archived every 6, 12 or 24 hours.
13.02.2008eam MNFW (1203) for the In order to retrieve these fields from MARS, three MARS command lines have to be added: method=1, system=2, and origin=ecmf but may change, if the monthly forecasting system is modified. Look at the System Change Notice to see which system value is valid. For the control forecast TYPE=CF, for perturbed forecasts TYPE=FC. For the hindcast, the reference date of the hindcast (date of the real-time forecast associated to the hindcast) has to be present in the MARS request: REFDATE=YYYYMMDD, Example of MARS request:
for the back statistics:
Weekly Means:Monthly forecast weekly means are calculated for all atmospheric variables and stored in the stream MNFM (1206) for the real-time forecast and stream MFHM (1207) for he hindcast with type FCMEAN. Wave model forecast means (weekly means) are calculated and stored in the stream MFWM(1209) for the real-time forecast and stream MHWM(1210) for the hindcast. Monthly forecast weekly maximum (type FCMAX), minimum (type FCMIN) and standard deviation (type FCSTDEV) have also been calculated and archived for all surface fields. The weeks are as follow: Week1: day 5 to day 11 (FCPERIOD=05-11) Since the monthly forecast starts every Thursday at 00Z, they correspond to the week from Monday at 0Z to Sunday at midnight. Here is an example of MARS retrieval for weekly means from the real-time forecast:
and from the hindcast:
Ensemble means and standard deviationEnsemble means and standard deviations are archived in MARS only for a limited To retrieve these fields, TYPE=EM (ensemble mean) or TYPE=ES Example with the real-time forecast:
for the hindcast:
It is important to note, that for the hindcast there is no date associated to the MARS request, just a reference date (REFDATE). For the hindcast, the ensemble mean represents the mean over the 5-member ensemble for each year of the hindcast set associated to the reference date. Since the hindcast covers 12 years, this represents the ensemble mean (or standard deviation) over 60 members. Weekly anomaliesThe anomalies are the difference between the real-time forecast and the model climatology. The model climatology corresponds to the ensemble mean of the hindcast. Monthly forecast weekly anomalies are written into the MFAM (1208) stream in MARS. The MARS request is the same has for the raw data of the real-time forecast, with stream=MFAM instead of stream=MNFM. Wave model weekly anomalies are written into the stream MAWM (1211). EPSgramsIn order to avoid retrieving 51 members for the real-time forecast or 60 members for the back statistics to create EPSgrams, several fields have been reordered, and the minimum, 25%, median, 75% and maximum of the ensemble distribution have been archived. These fields are: T850, total cloud cover, 2-metre temperature, total precipitation and 10 metre scalar wind speed. To retrieve these fields: STREAM=MNFC, TYPE=ED, NUMBER=0 (minimum), NUMBER=12 example:
As for types em and es, there is no date in the MARS retrieval command for the hindcast. The reordering is made over the 60 members of the 12-year hindcast. The reference date is used in the MARS retrieval command. Forecast probabilities:There are 2 types of forecast probabilities: anomaly events (probability for a certain variable to exceed a threshold) and probability distributions (quantiles). At present, they are available only for weekly mean anomalies. 1) Anomaly event:Example: Probability that the weekly averaged 2m temperature anomaly exceeds 2K Each anomaly event has a specific parameter code in table 131. For instance, the probability that the weekly averaged 2m temperature anomaly exceeds 2K has the parameter code 1 in table 131, which corresponds to the acronym 2TWA2K. The anomaly events are archived as type fp. example:
2) Probability distribution:Probability distribution is the probability to be in a given quantile. The quantiles are defined from the model climatology. A new keyword has been defined: quantile. The syntax is quantile=X:Y, which means quantile X out of Y. For example, quantile=1:3 means the probability distribution in the first tercile (lower tercile). Example:
3) Probability boundaries:Probability boundaries are the threshold values which define the quantiles. They are computed from the model climatologyy. The syntax is the same as for probability distributions, except type=pb instead of type=pd. For example, type=pb, quantile=1:3 means the boundary distribution between the lower and middle tercile. Example:
Monthly archive of ocean fields:The ocean data are archived together with the atmospheric data, and are distinguished by the 'LEVTYPE' attribute, which is set to 'DEPTH' or 'DP'. Ocean variables are archived as instantaneous fields (product=inst), accumulated fields (product=tacc) or time series (product=tims). The fields are archived along horizontal (section=h), meridional (section=m) or zonal sections (section=z). |
This section describes the archiving of the monthly forecasting system before it became operational (7 October 2004).
Monthly archive of atmospheric fields:Raw dataThe IFS writes its data into the MOFC (1090) stream in MARS. All of the data are archived using their original model representation (Reduced Gaussian Grid or Spherical Harmonics). Upper-air fields are archived every 12 hours, whereas surface fields are archived every 3, 6, 12 or 24 hours.
Wave model monthly forecasts are archived as stream WAMF (1095). In order to retrieve these fields from MARS, two MARS command lines have to be added: method=1, and system=2, but may change, if the monthly forecasting system is modified. Look at the System Change Notice to see which system value is valid. For the control forecast TYPE=CF, for perturbed forecasts TYPE=FC. Here is an example of MARS retrieval: retrieve, class="od",expver=0001,stream=mofc,type=fc,method=1,system=2,levtype=pl, level=500,param=Z,number=1/to/50,date=20020327,time=00,step=12/to/768/by/12, target="out" Weekly MeansMonthly forecast weekly means are calculated for all atmospheric variables and stored in the stream MOFM (1094) and type FCMEAN. Wave model forecast means (weekly means) are calculated and stored in the stream WMFM (1096). Monthly forecast weekly maximum (type FCMAX), minimum (type FCMIN) and standard deviation (type FCSTDEV) have also been calculated and archived for all surface fields. The weeks are as follow: Week 1: day 5 to day 11 (FCPERIOD=05-11) Here is an example of MARS retrieval for weekly means: retrieve, class="od",expver=0001,stream=mofm,type=fc,method=1,system=2,levtype=pl, level=500,param=Z,number=1/to/50,date=20020327, time=00, fcperiod=05-11, target="out" Ensemble means and standard deviationEnsemble means and standard deviations are archived in MARS only for a limited number of fields: temperature at 850 and 500 hPa and geopotential at 1000 and 500 hPa. To retrieve these fields, stream=MOFC, TYPE=EM (ensemble mean) or TYPE=ES (ensemble standard deviation). example: class=od,expver=0001,stream=mofc,type=em,method=1,system=2,levtype=pl,level=500, param=Z,date=20020327,time=00,step=24, target="out" EPSgramsIn order to avoid retrieving 51 members to create EPSgrams, several fields have been reordered, and the minimum, 25%, median, 75% and maximum of the ensemble distribution have been archived. These fields are: T850, total cloud cover, 2-metre temperature, total precipitation and 10 metre scalar wind speed. To retrieve these fields: STREAM=MOFC, TYPE=ED, NUMBER=0 (minimum), NUMBER=12 (25%), NUMBER=25 (MEDIAN), NUMBER=37 (75%) or NUMBER=50 (MAXIMUM) example: class=od,expver=0001,stream=mofc,type=ed,method=1,system=2,number=25,levtype=pl, level=500,param=Z,date=20020327,time=00,step=24, target="out" Monthly archive of ocean fields:Ocean fields in the coupled forecasts:The ocean data are archived together with the atmospheric data, and are distinguished by the 'LEVTYPE' attribute, which is set to 'DEPTH' or 'DP'. Ocean variables are archived as instantaneous fields (product=inst), accumulated fields (product=tacc) or time series (product=tims). The fields are archived along horizontal (section=h), meridional (section=m) or zonal sections (section=z). Ocean fields in the accelerated forecast:Fluxes and ocean data created during the 12 days of ocean real-time forecast ( to create the ocean initial conditions) are stored on MARS under TYPE=OF (ocean fields) and FF (forcing fields).
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The main purpose of the ocean analysis is to provide initial conditions for the extended range forecasts (seasonal and monthly). There are two streams: The re-analysis stream spans the period 1959 up to 11 days behind real time whereas the real-time stream started in August 2006. > System 3 Ocean Analysis documentation
ECMWF maintains an archive of monthly means data from the atmospheric and wave model archive. The resolution and internal representation of the archive may change according to changes in ECMWF's operational practice.
There is a limited climatology data set, which contains the Geopotential and Temperature on Pressure Levels for each month of the year. The data originally came from NCEP, Washington, and it was processed to store it in MARS. Although it is available to users, it is recommended that modern applications use the Monthly means archive or the Re-Analysis Monthly means archive for climatology purposes.
ECMWF periodically uses its forecast models and data assimilation systems to 'reanalyse' archived observations, creating global data sets describing the recent history of the atmosphere, land surface, and oceans. Reanalysis data are used for monitoring climate change, for research and education, and for commercial applications.
Available ECMWF reanalysis datasets include: analysis, forecast and forecast accumulations as output from atmospheric models, as well as analysis and forecast from a wave-model reanalysis. There is also a Monthly Means data set containing data at the resolution of the data assimilation and forecast system used by each reanalysis.
Data Targeting System A pre-operational Data Targeting System (DTS) will be developed to assess the feasibility of operational adaptive control of the observing system and as a facility to aid research projects using data targeting. The DTS will be developed and hosted at ECMWF. The work is jointly funded by EUCOS and the EC as part of the PREVIEW Integrated Project (work package WP3320) of the EU 6th Framework Programme. A real-time trial of the DTS will run between February and December 2008. > see in MARS Catalogue
PROVOST stands for Prediction Of climate Variations On Seasonal to inter annual Time scales. They are a set of experiments from four centres: ECMWF, Météo-France, EDF and Met Office. The experiments are 120 day runs from 9 consecutive starting days, with write-ups every 24 hours of Pressure level and Surface data. > see in MARS Catalogue
1.0 Experiments Experiment data from four centres: ECMWF, Meteo France, EDF and UKMO. The experiments are 120 day runs from 9 consecutive starting days, with writeups every 24 hours, pressure level and surface data. A common parameter table and a common GRIB format have been used by all the centres. The same originating centre has been coded in the GRIB header (98=ECMWF), and a sub-centre identifier is used:
2.0 Parameter table TABLE 1. ECMWF local Code Table 2, Version Number 170
3.0 ECMWF stored data 3.1 Single level Parameters:
Surface parameters are different in 1979/80 spring, summer and winter, viz
Surface parameters for autumn are different are different from those in spring, summer and winter, viz
3.2 Pressure levels Levels:
Parameters:
TABLE 2. ECMWF seasonal forecast data
X = pressure level and surface fields archived, - = not available 3.3 MARS retrieval 3.3.1 Single level RETRIEVE, CLASS = RD, TYPE = FC, EXPVER = "SCWF", LEVTYPE = SFC, REPRES = GG, PARAM = 139/140/141/142/143/146/147/151/164/171/176/177/179/180/181/182/184/201/202 DATE = yyyymmdd, TIME = 1200, STEP = 0/24/..., TARGET = "myfile" 3.3.2 Pressure levels
CLASS = RD, TYPE = FC, EXPVER = "SCWF", LEVTYPE = PL, LEVEL = 1000/925/850/700/500/400/300/250/200/150/100/70/50/30/10, PARAM = 129/130/133/135/138/155/157, REPRES = SH, DATE = yyyymmdd, TIME = 1200, STEP = 0/24/..., TARGET = "myfile" 4.0 Meteo France stored data 4.1 Single level Parameters:
4.2 Pressure levels Levels:
Parameters:
Not all parameters are available at all levels: - 129 is available at 700/500/200 - 130 is available at 850/500/200 - 138 is available at 850/200 - 155 is available at 850/200 TABLE 3. Meteo France seasonal forecast data
X = both pressure level and surface fields archived, - = not to be archived 4.3 MARS retrieval 4.3.1 Single level
CLASS = RD, TYPE = FC, EXPVER = "SMEF", LEVTYPE = SFC, PARAM = 129/141/149/151/172/179/201/202/228, DATE = yyyymmdd, TIME = 1200, STEP = 0/24/48/..., TARGET = "myfile" 4.3.2 Pressure levels
5.0 EDF stored data 5.1 Single level Parameters:
5.2 Pressure levels Levels:
Parameters:
Not all parameters are available at all levels: - 129 is available at 700/500/200 - 130 is available at 850/500/200 - 138 is available at 850/200 - 155 is available at 850/200 TABLE 4. EDF seasonal forecast data
X = both pressure level and surface fields archived 5.3 MARS retrieval 5.3.1 Single level RETRIEVE, CLASS = RD, TYPE = FC, EXPVER = "SEDF", LEVTYPE = SFC, PARAM = 129/141/149/151/172/179/201/202/228, DATE = yyyymmdd, TIME = 1200, STEP = 0/24/48/..., TARGET = "myfile" 5.3.2 Pressure levels RETRIEVE, CLASS = RD, TYPE = FC, EXPVER = "SEDF", LEVTYPE = PL, LEVELIST = 850/700/500/200, PARAM = 129/130/138/155, DATE = yyyymmdd, TIME = 1200, STEP = 0/24/48/.., TARGET = "myfile" 6.0 UKMO stored data 6.1 Single level Parameters:
6.2 Pressure levels Levels:
Parameters:
Not all parameters are available at all levels: - 129 is available at 700/500/200 - 130 is available at 850/500/200 - 131 is available at 850/200 - 132 is available at 850/200 TABLE 5. UKMO seasonal forecast data
X = pressure level and surface fields archived - = not to be archived 6.3 MARS retrieval For this data stream, EXPVER = "SUKM" must be used. 6.3.1 Single level RETRIEVE, CLASS = RD, TYPE = FC, STREAM = 2243, EXPVER = "SUKM", LEVTYPE = SFC, REPRES = LL, DOMAIN = G, PARAM = 130/140/141/149/151/179/201/202/228, DATE = yyyymmdd, TIME = 1200, STEP = 24/48/..., TARGET = "myfile" 6.3.2 Pressure levels RETRIEVE, CLASS = RD, TYPE = FC, STREAM = 2243, EXPVER = "SUKM", LEVTYPE = PL, LEVELIST = 850/700/500/200, PARAM = 129/130/131/132, REPRES = LL, DOMAIN = G, DATE = yyyymmdd, TIME = 1200, STEP = 24/48/..., TARGET = "myfile" |
TOGA is an archive of level III-A atmospheric data to support the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) core project Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA). This archive accommodates the 10 year period beginning 1 January 1985, fulfilling ECMWF's role as a TOGA Data Centre. The production of this archive has been discontinued only on 29/2/2016. > see in MARS Catalogue
ECMWF created an archive of level III-A atmospheric data in support of projects associated with the World Climate Research Program (WCRP). This archive accommodated the 10 year period beginning 1 January 1985, fulfilling ECMWF's role as a Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Level III Atmospheric Data Centre. The production has been discontinued on 29/2/2016 for type AN and on 22/5/2016 for type FC. . The Level III-A archive is subdivided into three classes of data sets: The data sets are based on quantities analysed or computed within the ECMWF data assimilation scheme or from forecasts based on these analyses. The Basic Data Set contain selected analysed values in a compact form at a resolution of 2.5° x 2.5°. They are particularly suitable for users with limited data processing resources. Derived quantities (fluxes, etc.) are not included, but can in principle be calculated from the data provided in the data sets. The Supplementary Fields Data Set contains additional surface data, fluxes and net radiation data derived from short-range forecasts used as first-guess data for the analyses. Most of the fields in this data set contain values accumulated over the first 6 (or 12) hours of the forecast. The exceptions, total cloud cover fields, contain instantaneous 6 (or 12) hour forecast values. This is a subset of the operational first-guess surface data. The Extension Data Set contains additional surface data, fluxes, net radiation data and precipitation derived from 24-hour forecast values. All the fields in this data set contain values accumulated between time step 12 and time step 36 of the forecast. The archive is currently maintained using the WMO FM 92-IX Ext GRIB (grid in binary) form of data representation, with ECMWF local versions of GRIB Table 2. All fields of data are global within the archive. A full extraction service is supported, enabling users to obtain sub-areas of data and data at various resolutions on regular Gaussian or latitude/longitude grids, or as spherical harmonics with selected triangular truncation. All extracted data are delivered using the GRIB representation. TOGA Basic Level III-A Data SetsThese data sets contain uninitialised analysis values interpolated to a 2.5° x 2.5° regular latitude/longitude grid. This grid is co-located with the 5° x 5° and 2.5° x 2.5° grids used for ECMWF data distribution daily on the Global Telecommunications System (GTS). Three data sets are separately supported:
For each data set the following is relevant:
The Surface Data Set contains
The Upper-Air Data Set contains :
The Consolidated Data Set contains data corresponding to the Upper-Air Data Set together with data comprising the Surface Data Set. The mode of storage of the Consolidated Data Set within the archive is such that data must be retrieved globally, for all parameters, all levels, and in monthly units.
TOGA Supplementary Data SetsThe Supplementary Fields are derived from short term forecasts used as "first-guess" for analyses within ECMWF's data assimilation system. Data are archived at the resolution of the operational system in use at ECMWF. Since the resolution and internal representation of the archive may vary according to changes in ECMWF's operational practice, data services associated with this data set include the provision of interpolation to requested resolutions and representation forms. The Supplementary Fields Data Set is defined as:
The changes to the archive are as follows:
TOGA Extension Data SetsThe Extension Data Set has been created to supplement the data available from the ECMWF/WCRP Data Archive. This data set is based on 24-hour forecast data from the ECMWF model. Data are archived at the resolution of the operational system in use at ECMWF. Since the resolution and internal representation of the archive may vary according to changes in ECMWF's operational practice, data services associated with this data set include the provision of interpolation to requested resolutions and representation forms. The Extension Data Set is defined as:
The changes to the archive are as follows:
How to reproduce TOGA dataThe TOGA archive has been discontinued on 29/2/2016. To reproduce this dataset, the following MARS requests can be used:
And the extended data can be obtained from the Operational forecast using time 12 step 36 - step 12. Note that there are two groups of accumulated parameters:
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A vast amount of data is archived daily containing IFS (Integrated Forecast System) experiments produced by ECMWF's Research Department or by Member States' users at ECMWF. Basically, an experiment can address any area of meteorology and it is archived accordingly. Users wanting to retrieve Research experiments need to know in advance the name of the specific experiment and its nature. For this information please, contact User Support.
Some Member States also archive output other than from IFS into MARS. One example of such activity is the COSMO-LEPS forecast suite, running daily at ECMWF.
ECMWF archives a selection of products, both Analysis and Forecast, from other Centres: Exeter, Melbourne, Montreal, Offenbach, Toulouse, Tokyo and Washington. Most of these products exist on the GTS and they are combined to create global fields with ECMWF local GRIB header extensions added. A convention exists to create empty (dummy) fields when there are missing data (e.g. if problems arise at one of the Centres or on the GTS).
There are other fields which are used as input for the ECMWF forecasting system (e.g. Sea Surface Temperatures from Washington which are used by ECMWF's Analysis).
Images from Meteosat and GOES Satellites are coded in GRIB and archived in MARS.
Observations used as input to the assimilation system are also archived in MARS, as well as the Feedback on how the observations are used in the analysis. There are, amongst others:
MARS also holds the observations in the form of files as they are presented to the Analysis (Analysis Input), as well as the feedback files (Analysis Feedback). These are mainly used to allow to reproduce in the future any past operational run. There is one set of files per synoptic time.
Archived data is stored in two WMO formats: GRIB for fields and BUFR for observations. In addition, observation feedback is archived in the ECMWF/IFS format ODB (Observational Data Base). In general, the retrieved data is returned in the archive format. However, with the Data Server or the Web API it is possible to request fields to be returned in netCDF format.
GRIB (General Regularly-distributed Information in Binary form) is a WMO defined format for meteorological field data, or (more generally) any regularly spaced gridded data. All ECMWF model output is in GRIB format with ECMWF local extensions in their headers. The GRIB format is handled via the ecCodes software. Fields are archived in one of the following spatial coordinate systems:
Spherical Harmonics (SH) mainly for upper air fields
Gaussian Grid (GG) mainly for surface data, although some upper air fields as well
Latitude/Longitude (LL) other centre's data, wave and ocean data
For the correspondence between the three types of grid resolutions see the following table
The correspondence between the spectral resolution, the reduced Gaussian grid and the approximate latitudinal resolution is listed in the table below. In column "Spectral" T denotes the truncation number. The reduced Gaussian grids are specified by the number of lines between the Pole and Equator, preceded by N for the ECMWF original reduced Gaussian grid and O for the octahedral ECMWF reduced Gaussian grid. The octahedral grid has first been introduced on 8 March 2016 to the operational high resolution and ensemble datasets.
Correspondence between resolutions of ECMWF grid types | ||
Spectral | Gaussian | Lat/Lon |
T63 | N48 | 1.875 |
T106 | N80 | 1.125 |
T159 | N80 | 1.125 |
T213 | N160 | 0.5625 |
T319 | N160 O320 | 0.5625 0.28125 |
T511 | N256 | 0.351 |
T639 | N320 O640 | 0.28125 0.141 |
T799 | N400 | 0.225 |
T1023 | N512 | 0.176 |
T1279 | N640 O1280 | 0.141 0.070 |
BUFR (Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data) is a WMO defined format for point data (irregularly spaced), which is used for archived observations. The BUFR format is handled via BUFREX and other subroutines provided by the ECMWF BUFRDC software.
In the IFS observations are handled by ODB (Observational Data Base).
ODB is a
ODB Observation Feedback (ofb) data is archived in MARS to improve its representation in the MARS meta data. ODB also introduces SQL capabilities to request feedback data.
See ODB API for more details.