What is the octahedral grid ?

The octahedral grid has been inspired by the Collignon Projection of the sphere onto an octahedron. It is a form of reduced Gaussian grid with the same number of latitude lines located at the same latitude values as those of a standard Gaussian grid but with the number of longitude points at each latitude circle computed according to the formula:

\begin{eqnarray*}
\mbox{N}_{lat}(lat_N) & = & 20 \\
\mbox{N}_{lat}(lat_i) & = & \mbox{N}_{lat}(lat_{i+1}) + 4,  \mbox{ for } i=\mbox{N} - 1,\ldots,1
\end{eqnarray*}

In other words, there are 20 longitude points at the latitude circle closest to the poles with the number of points increasing continuously by 4 at each latitude towards the equator. This is in contrast to the standard reduced Gaussian grid where there are 'jumps' between blocks of latitudes with a constant number of longitude points (a restriction imposed by the Fast Fourier Transform routines being used prior to IFS cycle 41r2).

As a consequence, the zonal resolution of the octahedral grid varies more with latitude than for the standard reduced Gaussian grid. This can be seen the figures to the right.

Note in particular that the octahedral grid has 4N + 16 longitude points at the latitude circle closest to the equator whereas the standard reduced Gaussian grid has 4N longitude points at the latitude circle closest to the equator.

There are also fewer total grid points in the octahedral grid compared to the standard reduced Gaussian grid.For example, the N1280 octahedral grid has about 20% fewer grid points than the equivalent N1280 linear grid. Generally, there are 4xNx(N+8) grid points in the octahedral grid or resolution N.

The octahedral grid has been shown to improve the calculation of local derivatives in grid point space.

Comparison of the resolution variation with latitude for the reduced Gaussian grids

Comparison of the variation of resolution with latitude for the reduced Gaussian grids.  The full red and yellow curves show the resolution for the standard reduced Gaussian grids at N1024 and N1280 (T_C1023 and T_C1279, respectively).  Note that the resolution remains more or less constant at 10km and 8km, respectively, as the latitude varies.  The corresponding curves for the N1024 (T_CO1023) and N1280 (TCO1279T_CO1279) octahedral grids are shown by the dashed and full blue lines, respectively.  Note that the resolution for the N1280 octahedral grid varies from about 8 km at the equator, increasing to about 10 km at 70^oN and 70^oS before decreasing again towards the poles. The resolution of the N640 standard reduced Gaussian grid used fro HRES at IFS cycle 41r1 is at about 16 km. Also shown are the regular Gaussian grids at N1024 (black dashed line) and N1280 (black full line).

Comparison of the zonal variation in resolution between standard reduced and octahedral grids

Comparison of the zonal variation in resolution for the N1280 standard reduced Gaussian grid (left) with the corresponding octahedral grid (right) on the surface of the sphere

Gaussian grids

Naming convention

The Gaussian grids are defined by the quadrature points used to facilitate the accurate numerical computation of the integrals involved in the Fourier and Legendre transforms. The grids are labelled by N where N is the number of latitude lines between the pole and the equator.  For example, for the N640 Gaussian grid, there are 640 lines of latitude between the pole and the equator giving 1280 latitude lines in total.

The grid points in latitude, θ_k , are given by the zeros of the Legendre polynomial or order N:  P _N ⁰ (μ_k=sinθ_k) = 0.  A consequence of this is that a Gaussian grid has:

• latitude lines which are not equally spaced;
• no latitude points at the poles;
• no line of latitude at the equator;
• latitude lines which are symmetric about the equator.

Regular (or full) Gaussian grid

A regular Gaussian grid has the following characteristics:

• there are 4N longitude points along each latitude circle;
• each latitude circle has a grid point at 0^o longitude;
• the longitudinal resolution in latitude-longitude degrees is given by 90^o/N;
• the points get closer together (i.e. more crowded) as the latitude increases towards the poles;
• the total number of grid points is 8N².

Reduced (or quasi-regular) Gaussian grid

A reduced Gaussian grid:

• has the same number of latitude lines (4N) as the corresponding regular Gaussian grid;
• has a grid point at 0^o longitude on each latitude circle;
• has a decreasing number of longitude points towards the poles;
• has a quasi-regular grid spacing in distance at each latitude;

• provides a uniform CFL (Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy) condition.

Up to and including IFS cycle 41r1, ECMWF has used a standard reduced Gaussian grid.  This has 4N longitude points at the latitude nearest to the equator, with the number of longitude points reducing in blocks as the latitudes approach the poles.

With the horizontal resolution increase at IFS cycle 42r1, ECMWF introduces a slightly different form of the reduced Gaussian grid which is referred to as the octahedral reduced Gaussian grid or, more simply, the octahedral grid.

Example regular Gaussian grid

Corresponding standard reduced Gaussian grid