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Contributors: A. Velazquez Blazquez (Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMIB)), N.Clerbaux (RMIB), E. Baudrez (RMIB)
Issued by: RMIB/Clerbaux
Date: 18/12/2020
Ref: C3S_D312b_Lot1.3.8.3-v2.1_202010_PUGS_ECVEarthRadiationBudget_v1.0
Official reference number service contract: 2018/C3S_312b_Lot1_DWD/SC1
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History of modifications
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1Note: In the contract, this deliverable was originally ATBD - Earth Radiation Budget CERES TCDR v2.0 + ICDR v2.x (OLR, RSF) |
List of datasets covered by this document
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2Note: In the contract, this deliverable was originally Earth Radiation Budget CERES TCDR v2.0 (OLR, RSF) |
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Acronyms
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Scope of the document
This document is the Product User Guide and Specifications (PUGS) for the second version (v2.x) of the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) timeseries which is generated and published as part of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). It provides the minimum information a user should get for an appropriate use of the TSI data available through the C3S Climate Data Store (CDS).
Executive summary
The Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) quantifies the amount of solar energy that is received by the Earth.
It is defined as the amount of solar power that reaches the Earth per unit surface perpendicular to the Sun–Earth direction at the mean Sun–Earth distance. The TSI is a fundamental variable governing the climate system, and is recognized as ECV by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS).
Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), a long composite Climate Data Record (CDR) is constructed from different TSI measurements obtained by an ensemble of space instruments. In order to create the composite, the measurements of the individual instruments are first put on a common absolute scale, and their quality is assessed by intercomparison. Then, the composite time series is the average of all available measurements, on a daily basis.
1. Composite daily Total Solar Irradiance CDR
1.1 Product description
The Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) quantifies the amount of solar energy that is received by the Earth.
TSI is defined as the amount of solar power that reaches the Earth’s top of the atmosphere per unit surface area perpendicular to the Sun–Earth direction at the mean Sun–Earth distance.
The Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is a fundamental variable governing the climate system, and is recognized as ECV by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), a long composite Climate Data Record (CDR) is constructed from measurements of the TSI measured by an ensemble of space instruments.
The first Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) measurement from space was made with the Temperature Control Flux Monitor (TCFM) on Mariner 6 and 7 by Plamondon (1969). Continuous measurement of the TSI started with the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) instrument on Nimbus 7 by Hickey et al. (1980). Continuous monitoring with an ageing corrected TSI instrument started with the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) 1 instrument on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) by Willson et al. (1980). A summary of TSI space instruments is given in Table 1 (reproduced from ATBD [D3]).
The main processing consists in the generation of the TSI daily composite timeseries from the individual instruments timeseries by scaling the individual series to a common absolute level as described in the ATBD [D3] and also in the 2 journal papers [D1] and [D2]. The quality of the resulting datasets is assessed by intercomparison.
For the ICDR, a regular download of new TSI data is performed for the “active” instruments before launching the TSI composite processing. Currently the “active” instruments are: DIARAD/VIRGO, PMO6/VIRGO, TIM/SORCE, TIM/TCTE and TIM/TSIS. This list is likely to change in the future due to the old age of DIARAD/VIRGO and TIM/SORCE and also to incorporate new TSI measurements from Chinese instruments.
The general characteristics of this Climate Data Record (CDR) are:
C3S daily TSI timeseries | |
Spatial resolution | NA |
Grid | NA |
Temporal resolution | Daily mean value |
Time period | TCDR : 1st January 1979 to 31 Dec. 2018 |
Format | ASCII |
Reference level for the fluxes | Irradiance at 1 Astronomical Unit (AU) |
Table 1 - Total Solar Irradiance space instruments (acronyms definitions in footnote).
Instrument3 | Platform(s) | Used | Operation period(s) | References |
TCFM | Mariner-6 & 7 | No | 1969 | Plamondon (1969) |
ERB | Nimbus 6 | No | 1975 | Hickey et al (1976) |
Nimbus 7 | Yes | 1978 | Hickey et al (1980) | |
ACRIM 1 | SMM | Yes | 1980-1989 | Willson et al. (1980) |
Solcon 1 | Spacelab 1 | No | 1983 | Crommelynck et al (1987) |
ERBE | ERBS | Yes | 1984-2003 | ERBE(1986) |
NOAA-9 | Yes | 1985-1989 | ERBE(1986) | |
ACRIM 2 | UARS | Yes | 1991-2001 | Willson et al. (1994) |
Solcon 2 | Atlas 1 | No | 1992 | Crommelynck et al (1994) |
Sova 1 | Eureca | No | 1992-1993 | Crommelynck et al (1994) |
Sova 2 | Eureca | No | 1992-1993 | Romero et al. (1994) |
ISP-2 | Meteor-3 7 | No | 1994 | Sklyarov et al. (1996) |
DIARAD/VIRGO | SOHO | Yes | 1996-present | Dewitte et al. (2004) |
PMO06V-A/VIRGO | SOHO | Yes | 1996-present | Froehlich et al. (1997) |
ACRIM 3 | ACRIMSAT | Yes | 2000-2014 | Willson et al. (2003) |
TIM | SORCE | Yes | 2003-present | Kopp et al. (2005) |
DIARAD/SOVIM | ISS | Yes | 2008 | Mekaoui et al. (2010) |
SIM | FY 3A | No | 2008-2015 | Fang et al. (2014) |
SOVA | Picard | Yes | 2010-2014 | Dewitte et al. (2012) |
Premos | Picard | Yes | 2010-2014 | Schmutz et al. (2012) |
SIM | FY 3B | No | 2011-present | Fang et al. (2014) |
TIM | TCTE | Yes | 2013-present | Kopp et al. (2016) |
SIM | FY 3C | No | 2013-present | Wang et al. (2017) |
TIM | TSIS-1 | Yes | 2018- present |
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Figure 1 provides an illustration of the TSI daily timeseries.
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Figure 1: illustration of the C3S TSI timeseries (ICDR v2.1) (W/m²). The 121 days running mean is also shown (orange curve).
1.2 Target requirements
The target requirements for the TSI daily records are provided in the following table. The stability requirement is slightly relaxed for the ICDR version. These requirements are verified in the Product Quality Assurance Report (PQAR, [D5]).
Target requirements | |
Spatial resolution | NA |
Temporal coverage | 1st January 1979 - present |
Accuracy | TCDR : < 1 W/m² |
Stability | TCDR : < 0.3 W/m²/decade |
1.3 Data usage information
The following page shows the beginning of the C3S TSI data file. The header part fully described the content of the file. Note that the content of the different columns may change in time due to the addition of new TSI instruments in the composite. Also, note that the last column provides the TSI value from the SATIRE-S (Ball et al., 2014) semi-empirical model. This model is only used at the very beginning of the record in the calculation of the TSI composite value (between 1st January 1979 and 15 February 1980).
Example of C3S TSI daily composite data file showing the header and the first lines of data. # C3S daily Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) timeseries |
The users are invited to read the ATBD [D3], the PQAR [D5] and SQAD [D6] documents for additional information on the data product and production system.
1.3.1 Disclaimer
"This data product has been produced in the context of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S).
https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/
This dataset is produced on behalf of C3S by the RMIB.
Literature citation
Dewitte, S. and Nevens, S., 2016. The total solar irradiance climate data record. The Astrophysical Journal, 830(1), p.25.
2. Data access information
2.1 Data access through the RMIB
The C3S daily Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) timeseries is made available to the C3S Climate Data Store (CDS) through an HTTPS server hosted by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMIB). The server provides a "fix" validated version of the TCDR over the 1st January 1979 – 31st December 2018 (in version 2.0):
https://gerb.oma.be/tsi/C3S_RMIB_daily_TSI_composite_TCDR_v2.0.txt
and regularly updated the ICDR with increasing version number v2.x (v2.1-v2.3):
https://gerb.oma.be/tsi/C3S_RMIB_daily_TSI_composite_ICDR_v2.2.txt
https://gerb.oma.be/tsi/C3S_RMIB_daily_TSI_composite_ICDR_v2.x.txt
The latest version of the composite is available at:
ftp://gerb.oma.be/C3S/manifest_312b_Lot1_ERB_TSI_latest.txt
2.2 Data access through the CDS
The data can be accessed via the Copernicus Climate Data Store (CDS) at https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/satellite-earth-radiation-budget?tab=overview.
2.3 Product ordering process
You need to be registered and logged in to order products in the CDS. A login is provided upon registration, all products in the CDS are delivered free of charge.
2.4 Visualization tool
The data will be available in the CDS Toolbox (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/toolbox).
2.5 Documentation
For links to the original documentation on the C3S TSI timeseries, see the list of Related documents on page 4 in this document.
References
Ball, W.T., Krivova, N.A., Unruh, Y.C., Haigh, J.D. and Solanki, S.K., 2014. A new SATIRE-S spectral solar irradiance reconstruction for solar cycles 21–23 and its implications for stratospheric ozone. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 71(11), pp.4086-4101.
Crommelynck, D., Domingo, V., Fichot, A., & Lee, R. (1994). Total Solar Irradiance Observations from the EURECA and ATLAS Experiments. International Astronomical Union Colloquium, 143, 63-69. doi:10.1017/S0252921100024544
Dewitte S. (2013). The Contribution of the DIARAD Type Radiometer to the Revision of the Solar Constant Technical Note. Available at ftp://gerb.oma.be/steven/RMIB_TSI_composite/diaradnewsolarconstant.pdf
Dewitte, S. and Clerbaux, N., 2017. Measurement of the earth radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere—a review. Remote Sensing, 9(11), p.1143.
Dewitte, S. and Nevens, S., 2016. The total solar irradiance climate data record. The Astrophysical Journal, 830(1), p.25.
Dewitte, S., Crommelynck, D., and Joukoff, A. (2004). Total solar irradiance observations from DIARAD/VIRGO, J. Geophys. Res., 109, A02102, doi:10.1029/2002JA009694.
Dewitte, S., Janssen, E. and Mekaoui, S., (2013). May. Science results from the Sova-Picard total solar irradiance instrument. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1531, No. 1, pp. 688-691). AIP. doi:10.1063/1.4804863
ERBE Science Team (1986). First data from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment.BAMS, 67, 818--824.
Froehlich, C. (2003). Long-Term Behaviour of Space Radiometers, Metrologia,40, 60-65.
Froehlich, C., Crommelynck, D.A., Wehrli, C. et al. (1997). In-Flight Performance of the Virgo Solar Irradiance Instruments on Soho. Sol Phys 175, 267–286. doi:10.1023/A:1004929108864
Hickey, J.R., L.L. Stowe, H. Jacobowitz, P. Pellegrino, R.H. Machhoff, F. House, T.H. Vonder Haar (1980). Initial solar irradiance determinations from nimbus 7 cavity radiometer measurements, Science, 208, 281--283.
Kopp, G., Lawrence, G. & Rottman, G. (2005). The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM): Science Results. Sol Phys 230, 129–139. doi:10.1007/s11207-005-7433-9
Lee, R. B., Gibson, M. A., Wilson, R. S., and Thomas, S. (1995). Long-term total solar irradiance variability during sunspot cycle 22, J. Geophys. Res., 100(A2), 1667– 1675, doi:10.1029/94JA02897
Mekaoui, S., Dewitte, S. (2008). Total Solar Irradiance Measurement and Modelling during Cycle 23. Sol Phys 247, 203–216. doi:10.1007/s11207-007-9070-y
Mekaoui, S., Dewitte, S., Conscience, C. and Chevalier, A. (2010). Total solar irradiance absolute level from DIARAD/SOVIM on the International Space Station. Advances in Space Research, 45(11), pp.1393-1406.
Mount Wilson Observatory (2013). The 150-foot Solar Tower Current Selected Data (Mt. Wilson, CA: Mount Wilson Institute), http://obs.astro.ucla.edu/150_data.html
Plamondon, (1969): TCFM solar observations on Mariner 6, JPL Space Program Summary, 3, 162.
Romero, J., Wehrli, C. & Fröhlich, C. (1994). Solar total irradiance variability from SOVA 2 on board EURECA. Sol Phys 152, 23–29 doi:10.1007/BF01473178
Schmutz W., Fehlmann A., Finsterle W., Kopp G., Thuillier G. (2012). Total solar irradiance measurements with PREMOS/Picard, AIP Conf. Proc, 1531, 624. doi: 10.1063/1.4804847
TCTE 2014, Total Solar Irradiance Calibration Transfer Experiment (Boulder, CO: Univ. of Colorado), http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/tcte/data
Willson, R. (1994). Irradiance Observations of SMM, Spacelab 1, UARS, and ATLAS Experiments. International Astronomical Union Colloquium, 143, 54-62. doi:10.1017/S0252921100024532
Willson, R.C. (2014). ACRIM3 and the Total Solar Irradiance database. Astrophys Space Sci 352, 341–352. doi:10.1007/s10509-014-1961-4
Willson, R.C., S. Gulkis, M. Janssen, H.S. Hudson, G.A. Chapman, (1980): Observations of Solar Irradiance Variability, Science, 211, 700 - 702. doi: 10.1126/science.211.4483.700
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This document has been produced in the context of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). The activities leading to these results have been contracted by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, operator of C3S on behalf of the European Union (Delegation agreement signed on 11/11/2014). All information in this document is provided "as is" and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The users thereof use the information at their sole risk and liability. For the avoidance of all doubt , the European Commission and the European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts have no liability in respect of this document, which is merely representing the author's view. |
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