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The left panel shows that during this very hot spell the maximum temperature, on 12th, was under-predicted by 3ºC. This may be due to unrepresented local factors, such as urbanisation, though on the other hand the signal is also typical of what we often see during extreme summer heatwaves.  This bias is a subject of current research; it may be symptomatic of an IFS inability to generate the superadiabatic super-adiabatic near surface layers that one sometimes sees on radiosonde ascents.

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