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Sea, lakes and soil each have their own characteristics regarding energy exchange with the atmosphere.  These are modelled by HTESSEL (Tiled ECMWF Scheme for Surface Exchanges over Land incorporating land surface Hydrology) and surface energy exchanges over lakes.  It gives information on surface roughness, moisture availability and heat flux at or near the surface and assesses the changes and impacts that occur during the forecast period.

HTESSEL uses a system of "tiles" to describe the characteristics of each of the various and time-varying surface conditions within each grid box.  Energy fluxes over land are modelled using eight land "tiles".  Energy fluxes over lake and coastal waters are modelled by Flake as a separate additional "tile".   Ocean waters are modelled within NEMO and are dealt with separately from HTESSEL.