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- Global 1km resolution surface elevation data
- Reduce to 5 km resolution by smoothing
- Compute mean orography at model resolution grid points
- Subtract model orography (3) from 5km orography (2) grid points
- Compute standard deviation, slope, orientation and anisotropy for every grid box
The spectral representation of orography in the IFS, can:
- smooth model orography and local effects can be under-identified.
- lead to "topographic ripples" over adjacent sea/large lakes, which decay with offshore distance, and which are most prominent where there are steep-sided high mountains nearby.
Overview
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