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The dynamic ocean model used for medium-range and seasonal forecasts of ocean structure is the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO).  It is coupled with all IFS forecast models (HRES*, ENS, Extended-range and Seasonal forecast modelsmedium range ENS, extended range ENS, Seasonal).  NEMO is a three-dimensional general circulation ocean model and can reproduce the general features of the circulation and the thermal structure of the ocean and their seasonal and inter-annual variations.

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• the atmosphere affects the ocean through its wind, heat and net exchange of moisture by precipitation and/or evaporation
• the ocean affects the atmosphere through its sea-surface temperature, ocean surface current and ice concentration.
  

The HRES and ENS use medium range ENS uses the atmosphere-wave-ocean coupling framework from the start of the forecast.  This is because it is important to capture two-way feedback between the atmosphere and the sea-surface temperatures, sea-ice extent and ocean waves (e.g. a slow-moving tropical cyclone can cool the sea surface).  

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NEMO and LIM2 forecast changes in the sea-surface temperature (SST) and sea ice evolution.  These are used interactively by all IFS atmospheric models.  HRES Medium range ENS and extended range ENS use the same initial ice extent.

Note: ECMWF uses LIM2 which is an earlier version of the Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model that is currently available (Version 3.6)    

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