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- downwards from the atmosphere (e.g. by advection of warmer air, by insolation, or by underlying an area of warm based cloud).
- upwards from lower in the snowpack, though this could be offset by latent heat extraction where melting of snow occurs.
Over flat terrains:
- for snow depth <12.5cm only only one snow layer is modelled (Fig1A). Note: Partial cover of the 'tile' is assumed if snow depth is less than 10cm.
- for snow depth >12.5cm the number of snow layers varies up to a maximum of 5 layers according to the total snow depth (Fig1B).
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- permanent snow is defined as snow depth ≥1000cm with 5 snow layers (Fig1C).
Fig1A: Schematic representation of the multi-layer snow scheme. Shallow snow layer. Snow depth <12.5cm. (Note: Snow depth < 10cm implies only a partial cover of snow)
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