Obtaining the exercises

The exercises described below are available as a set of Metview macros with the accompanying data. This is available as a downloadable tarfile for use with Metview. It is also available as part of the OpenIFS/Metview virtual machine, which can be run on different operating systems.

For more details of the OpenIFS virtual machine and how to get the workshop files, please contact: openifs-support@ecmwf.int.

ECMWF operational forecasts

In 2012, at the time of this case study, ECMWF operational forecasts consisted of:

• HRES : spectral T1279 (16km grid) highest resolution 10 day deterministic forecast.
• ENS :   spectral T639 (34km grid) resolution ensemble forecast (50 members) is run for days 1-10 of the forecast, T319 (70km) is run for days 11-15.

In 2016, the ECMWF operational forecasts has been upgraded compared to 2012 and consisted of:

• HRES/2016 : spectral T1279 with an octahedral grid configuration providing highest resolution of 9km.
• ENS/2016 : spectral T639 with an octahedral grid configuration providing highest resolution of 18km for all 15 days of the forecast.

Please follow this link to see more details on changes to the ECMWF IFS forecast system (http://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/documentation-and-support/changes-ecmwf-model)

Virtual machine

If using the OpenIFS/Metview virtual machine with these exercises the recommended memory is at least 6Gb, the minimum is 4Gb. If using 4Gb, do not use more than 2 parameters per plot.

These exercises use a relatively large domain with high resolution data. Some of the plotting options can therefore require significant amounts of memory. If the virtual machine freezes when running metview, please try increasing the memory assigned to the VM.

Starting up metview

To begin:

metview &

Saving images and animations

To save any other images during these exercises for discussion later, you can either use:

"Export" button in Metview's display window under the 'File' menu to save to PNG image format. This will also allow animations to be saved into postscript.

or use the ksnapshot command to take a 'snapshot' of the screen and save it to a file.

If you want to create animations from other images, save the figures as postscript and then use the convert command:

convert -delay 75 -rotate "90<" in.ps out.gif

Exercise 1. Hurricane Nadine and the cut-off low

ECMWF analyses to the 20th September 2012

In this exercise, the development of Hurricane Nadine and the cut-off flow up to the 20th September 2012 is studied

Begin by entering the folder labelled 'Analysis':

Task 1: Mean-sea-level pressure and track

This task will look at the synoptic development of Hurricane Nadine and the cutoff low up to 00Z, 20th September 2012. The forecasts in the next exercises start from this time and date

Right-click on the an_1x1.mv icon and select the 'Visualise' menu item (see figure)

After a pause, this will generate a map showing mean-sea-level pressure (MSLP).

Drag and drop the mv_track.mv icon onto the map to add the track of Hurricane Nadine.

In the plot window, use the play button in the animation controls  to animate the map and follow the development and track of Hurricane Nadine.

You can use the 'Speed' menu to change the animation speed (each frame is every 6 hours).

Task 2: MSLP and 500hPa geopotential height

Right-click the mouse button on the an_1x1.mv icon and select the 'Edit' menu item.

An edit window appears showing the Metview macro code used to generate the plot. During these exercises you can change the top lines of these macros to alter the choice of parameters and plot types.

# Available parameters:
# mslp,t2,wind10,speed10,sst
# t,z,pt,eqpt [850,700,500,200]
# wind,speed,r[925,850,700,500,200]
# w700, vo850, pv320K

The surface fields (single level) are:   mslp (mean-sea-level-pressure), t2 (2-metre temperature), wind10 (10-metre wind arrows), speed10 (wind-speed at 10m : sqrt(u^2+v^2)), sst (sea-surface temperature).

The upper level fields are:                t (temperature), z (geopotential), pt (potential temperature), eqpt (equivalent potential temperature), wind (wind arrows), speed (wind-speed as contours), r (relative humidity).

The upper level fields have a list of available pressure levels in square brackets.

To plot upper level fields, specify the pressure level after the name. e.g. z500 would plot geopotential at 500hPa.

Some extra fields are also provided: w700 (vertical velocity at 700hPa), vo850 (relative vorticity at 850hPa) and pv320K (potential vorticity at 320K).

Wind fields are normally plotted as coloured arrows. To plot them as wind barbs add the suffix '.flag'. e.g. "wind10.flag" will plot 10m wind as barbs.

#Define plot list (min 1- max 4)
plot1=["mslp"]                      # use square brackets when overlaying multiple fields per plot

plot1=["z500.s","mslp"]

Use the an_1x1.mv (or the an_2x2.mv) to plot fields of your choice.

plot1=["pv320K"]

plot1=["z500.s","pv320K","mslp"]

Task 3: Changing the map geographical area

Right-click on an_1x1.mv icon and select  'Edit'.

In the edit window that appears

#Map type: 0=Atl-an, 1: Atl-fc, 2: France 
mapType=0

Change, mapType=0   to   mapType=1   then click the play button at the top of the window.

Repeat using mapType=2 to see the smaller region over France.

These different regions will be used in the following exercises.

Animate the storm on this smaller geographical map.

Task 4: Wind fields, sea-surface temperature (SST)

The an_2x2.mv icon plots up to 4 separate figures on a single frame.

Right-click on the an_2x2.mv icon and select the 'Edit' menu item.

#Define plot list (min 1- max 4)
plot1=["mslp"]
plot2=["wind10"]
plot3=["speed500","z500"]
plot4=["sst"]

Click the play button at the top of the window to run this macro with the existing plots as shown above.

Each plot can be a single field or overlays of different fields.

Wind parameters can be shown either as arrows or as wind flags ('barbs') by adding '.flag' to the end of variable name e.g. "wind10.flag".

Exercise 2: Operational ECMWF HRES forecast

HRES performance

Exercise 1 looked at the synoptic development up to 20-Sept-2012. This exercise looks at the ECMWF HRES forecast from this date and how the IFS model developed the interaction between Hurricane Nadine and the cut-off low.

Enter the folder 'HRES_forecast' in the 'openifs_2018' folder to begin.

Recap

The ECMWF operational deterministic forecast is called HRES. At the time of this case study, the model ran with a spectral resolution of T1279, equivalent to 16km grid spacing.

Only a single forecast is run at this resolution as the computational resources required are demanding. The ensemble forecasts are run at a lower resolution.

Before looking at the ensemble forecasts, first understand the behaviour of the operational HRES forecast of the time.

Available forecast

Data is provided for a single 10 day forecast starting from 20th Sept 2012.

Data is provided at the same resolution as the operational model, in order to give the best representation of the Hurricane and cut-off low iterations. This may mean that some plotting will be slow.

Available parameters

A new parameter is total precipitation : tp.

The parameters available in the analyses are also available in the forecast data.

Available plot types

Task 1: Synoptic development (day 0-5)

Study the forecast scenario to day+5, focus on:

1. the evolution of Nadine,
2. the fate of the cutoff low,
3. the precipitation over France.

You can use the hres_1x1.mv and hres_2x2.mv icons in the same way as Exercise 1 when looking at the analyses.

Although the macros will animate the data for the whole forecast, for this task concentrate on the forecast for the first 5 days.

For example, to plot geopotential at 500hPa and MSLP using the hres_1x1.mv macro, right click, select Edit and put:

plot1=["z500.s","mslp"]

To add the forecast track of Hurricane Nadine drag and drop the mv_track.mv icon onto any map.

Precipitation over France

Choose a hres macro (hres_1x1 or hres_2x2) and plot the total precipitation (parameter: tp), near surface wind field (parameter: wind10), relative humidity (parameter: r).

Change the area to France by setting 'maptype=2' in the macro script.

Other suggested isobaric maps

Using either the hres_1x1.mv or hres_2x2.mv macro plot some of these other maps to study the synoptic development.

Task 2: Vertical structure and forecast evolution to day 10

This task focuses on the fate of Nadine and examines vertical PV cross-sections of Nadine and the cutoff at different forecast times.

Right-click on the icon 'hres_xs.mv' icon, select 'Edit' and push the play button.

The plot shows the cross-section for the 22nd Sept., (day 2 of the forecast), for potential vorticity (PV), wind vectors projected onto the plane of the cross-section and potential temperature drawn approximately through the centre of the Hurricane and the cut-off low. The red line on the map of MSLP shows the location of the cross-section.

Changing forecast time

Cross-section data is only available every 24hrs until the 30th Sept 00Z (step 240).

This means the 'steps' value in the macros is only valid for the times:  [2012-09-20 00:00], [2012-09-21 00:00], ....  and so on to [2012-09-30 00:00].

Change the forecast time to day+6 (26th Sept). Nadine has now intensified as it approaches the coast.

steps=[2012-09-26 00:00]

To change the forecast length for hres_1x1.mv and hres_2x2.mv, right-click, select Edit and change:

fclen=5

to

fclen=10

Changing cross-section location

#Cross section line [ South, West, North, East ]
line = [30,-29,45,-15]

The cross-section location (red line) can be changed by editing the end points of the line as shown above.

If the forecast time is changed, the storm centres will move and the cross-section line will need to be repositioned to follow specific features. This is not computed automatically, but must be changed by altering the coordinates above.

Change the forecast time again to day+8 (28th Sept), or a different date if you are interested, relocate and plot the cross-section of Nadine and the low pressure system. Use the hres_1x1.mv icon from task 1 if you need to follow location of Nadine.

If time, try some of the other vertical cross-sections below.

Cyclone phase space (CPS) diagrams

An objectively defined cyclone phase space (CPS) is described using the storm-motion-relative thickness asymmetry (symmetric/non-frontal versus asymmetric/frontal) and vertical derivative of horizontal height gradient (cold- versus warm-core structure via the thermal wind relationship). A cyclone's life cycle can then be analyzed within this phase space, providing insight into the cyclone structural evolution.

This allows a classification of cyclone phase, unifying the basic structural description of tropical, extratropical, and hybrid cyclones into a continuum.

Suggestions for other vertical cross-sections

A reduced number of fields is available for cross-sections compared to the isobaric maps: temperature (t), potential temperature (pt), relative humidity (r), potential vorticity (pv), vertical velocity (w), wind-speed (speed; sqrt(u*u+v*v)) and wind vectors (wind3).

Choose from the following (note the cross-section macro hres_xs.mv uses slightly different names for the parameters).

Exercise 3: Operational ensemble forecasts

Recap

• ECMWF operational ensemble forecasts treat uncertainty in both the initial data and the model.
• Initial analysis uncertainty: sampled by use of Singular Vectors (SV) and Ensemble Data Assimilation (EDA) methods. Singular Vectors are a way of representing the fastest growing modes in the initial state.
• Model uncertainty: sampled by use of stochastic parametrizations. In IFS this means the 'stochastically perturbed physical tendencies' (SPPT) and the 'spectral backscatter scheme' (SKEB)
• Ensemble mean : the average of all the ensemble members. Where the spread is high, small scale features can be smoothed out in the ensemble mean.
• Ensemble spread : the standard deviation of the ensemble members, represents how different the members are from the ensemble mean.

The ensemble forecasts

In this case study, there are two operational ensemble datasets, one from the original 2012 operational forecast, the other from a reforecast of the event using the 2016 operational ensemble.

An ensemble forecast consists of:

• Control forecast (unperturbed)
• Perturbed ensemble members. Each member will use slightly different initial data conditions and include model uncertainty pertubations.

2012 Operational ensemble

ens_oper: This dataset is the operational ensemble from 2012 and was used in the Pantillon et al. publication. A key feature of this ensemble is use of a climatological SST field (seen in the earlier tasks).

2016 Operational ensemble

ens_2016: This dataset is a reforecast of the 2012 event using the ECMWF operational ensemble of March 2016.

Two key differences between the 2016 and 2012 operational ensembles are: higher horizontal resolution, and coupling of NEMO ocean model to provide forecast fields of SST (sea-surface temperature) from the start of the forecast.

The analysis was not rerun for 20-Sept-2012. This means the reforecast using the 2016 ensemble will be using the original 2012 analyses. Also only 10 ensemble data assimilation (EDA) members were used in 2012, whereas 25 are in use for 2016 operational ensembles, so each EDA member will be used multiple times for this reforecast. This will impact on the spread and clustering seen in the tasks in this exercise.

Ensemble exercise tasks

Key parameters: MSLP and z500.  We suggest concentrating on viewing these fields. If time, visualize other parameters (e.g. PV320K).

Available plot types

Group working

If working in groups, each group could follow the tasks below with a different ensemble forecast. e.g. one group uses the 'ens_oper', another group uses 'ens_2016'.

Choose your ensemble dataset by setting the value of 'expId', either 'ens_oper' or 'ens_2016' for this exercise.

#The experiment. Possible values are:
# ens_oper = operational ENS
# ens_2016 = 2016 operational ENS

expId="ens_oper"

Ensemble forecast uncertainty

In these tasks, the performance of the ensemble forecast is studied.

Task 1: Ensemble spread

Use the ens_maps.mv icon and plot the MSLP and z500. This will produce plots showing: the mean of all the ensemble forecasts, the spread of the ensemble forecasts and the operational HRES deterministic forecast.

Change 'expId' if required to select either the 2012 ensemble expId="ens_oper" or the reforecast ensemble expId="ens_2016".

Animate this plot to see how the spread grows.

This macro can also be used to look at clusters of ensemble members. It will be used later in the clustering tasks. For this task, make sure all the members of the ensemble are used.

#ENS members (use ["all"] or a list of members like [1,2,3]
members=["all"]        #[1,2,3,4,5] or ["all"] or ["cl.example.1"]

Spaghetti plots - another way to visualise spread

A "spaghetti" plot is where a single contour of a parameter is plotted for all ensemble members. It is another way of visualizing the differences between the ensemble members and focussing on features.

Use the ens_to_ref_spag.mv  icon. Plot and animate the MSLP and z500 fields using your suitable choice for the contour level. Find a value that highlights the low pressure centres. Note that not all members may reach the low pressure set by the contour.

The red contour line shows the control forecast of the ensemble.

Note that this  may animate slowly because of the computations required.

Experiment with changing the contour value and (if time) plotting other fields.

Task 2: Visualise ensemble members

Stamp maps are used to visualise all the ensemble members as normal maps. These are small, stamp sized contour maps plotted for each ensemble member using a small set of contours.

Use stamp.mv to plot the MSLP and z500 fields in the ensemble.

The stamp map is slow to plot as it reads a lot of data. Rather than animate each forecast step, a particular date can be set by changing the 'steps' variable.

#Define forecast steps
steps=[2012-09-24 00:00,"to",2012-09-24 00:00,"by",6]

Make sure clustersId="off" for this task. Clustering will be used later.

Precipitation over France

Use stamp.mv and plot total precipitation ('tp') over France (mapType=2) for 00Z 24-09-2012.

Compare ensemble members to the deterministic and control forecast

After visualizing the stamp maps, it can be useful to animate a comparison of individual ensemble members to the HRES and ensemble control deterministic forecasts.

This can help in identifying individual ensemble members that produce a different forecast than the control or HRES forecast.

Use the ens_to_ref_diff.mv icon to compare an ensemble member to the HRES forecast. Use pf_to_cf_diff.mv to compare ensemble members to the control forecast.

param="mslp"
ensType="pf30"

ensType="cf"

param="mslp"
pf=[30,50]

Sea-surface temperature

Compare the SST parameter used for the ens_oper and ens_2016 ensemble forecasts. The 2016 reforecast of this case study used a coupled ocean model unlike the 2012 ensemble and HRES forecast that used climatology for the first 5 days.

Cross-sections of a ensemble member

To show a cross-section of a particular ensemble member, use the macro ens_xs.mv.

This works in the same way as the hres_xs.mv macros.

Exercise 4: CDF, percentiles and probabilities

Recap

Cumulative distribution function

The figures above illustrate the relationship between a normal distribution and its associated cumulative distribution function. The CDF is constructed from the area under the probability density function.

The CDF gives the probability that a value on the curve will be found to have a value less than or equal to the corresponding value on the x-axis. For example, in the figure, the probability for values less than or equal to X=0 is 50%.

The shape of the CDF curve is related to the shape of the normal distribution. The width of the CDF curve is directly related to the value of the standard deviation of the probability distribution function.

For an ensemble, the width is therefore related to the 'ensemble spread'. For a forecast ensemble where all values were the same, the CDF would be a vertical straight line.

Not all parameters will have a Gaussian distribution in values from the ensemble. This will be apparent in the exercises below.

Percentiles and probabilities

For a specified location, the CDF gives the probability that the parameter (for example, total precipitation) is below or equal to the percentile value, p, from the ensemble forecast. This means that the probability of the precipitation being above the value is 1-p.

A probability map then shows the spatial distribution of the precipitation exceeding a specific threshold, p, for example, a map showing the probability that the precipitation will exceed a threshold of 20mm in a 6hr period. A percentile map is very similar and shows the spatial distribution of the given percentile, for example, a map of total precipitation (in mm) for a percentile of 95%.

In the next tasks, we will look at probabilities of the total precipitation in different ways, highlighting the differences between the two forecast ensembles.

Task 1: Plot probabilities and percentiles of total precipitation

Enter the folder Probabilities in the openifs_2018 folder.

The prob_tp_compare.mv icon will produce maps over France showing the probability that total 6-hourly precipitation exceeds a threshold expressed in mm, for both the 2012 and 2016 forecast ensembles.

Maps are produced for 3 forecast times: +90, +96 and +102 hours.

Edit prob_tp_compare.mv and set the probability to 10mm:

#The probability of precipitation greater than (mm)
prob=10

Leave the location as an empty string for now:

location=""

Run the macro and view the map.

Location for CDF

Using the probability map, click the cursor data icon and move the pointer over the map for +96h and choose a location in the region of highest rainfall. Do this for both the 2012 and 2016 ensemble map.

Make a note of the latitude and longitude coordinates. The highest rainfall area was approximately over the Cévennes mountains ( 44°25′34″N 03°44′21″E ).

Edit prob_tp_compare.mv and set the location:

location=[44.0,4.1]   # [ lat, lon ] -- use your own values!

and replot the map. A small purple dot will appear at the location specified. If the dot is not in the right location, change it and replot.

Probabilities

Using the plotted probability map for 10mm precipitation threshold, use the cursor data icon to read the probability at the chosen location for +96 hours. Make a note of this value.

Edit prob_tp_compare.mv, and change the threshold value to 20mm:

prob=20

Replot the map and make a note of the probability at your chosen location.

Finally change the threshold probability to 30mm and replot:

prob=30

At your chosen location, using the cursor data icon, make a note of the probability for the 30mm threshold values.

You should now have the probability values that total precipitation will exceed 10mm, 20mm and 30mm, for both the 2012 and 2016 ensembles, for forecast time +96 hours for your chosen location.

Task 2: Plot the CDF

This exercise uses the cdf.mv icon.

Right-click, select 'Edit' and then plot a CDF for your location chosen in Task 1 for the 2012 ensemble forecast:

param="tp"
station=[44.0,4.0]    # !use your own values!
expID="ens_oper"

Make sure the steps value is set correctly to +96 hours (00Z 24th Sept):

steps=[2012-09-24 00:00,"to",2012-09-24 00:00,"by",6]

Make sure useClusters='off'.

Do the same for the 2016 operational ensemble reforecast:

expID="ens_2016"

Compare the CDF from the different forecast ensembles.

Compare with probability map values

Using the CDF graph for the 2012 ensemble, read the probability that total precipitation will exceed 10mm. For example, see what percentile value, p,  is indicated on the y-axis for x=10mm. The probability that total precipitation exceeds this value is then 100-p.

The value read from the CDF graph in this way should agree with the value you obtained by reading the probability value from the map in Task 1.

Check your probabilities for 20mm and 30mm total precipitation.

The values may not match exactly as the number of samples (ensembles forecasts in this case) is limited.

Task 3. Plot percentiles of total precipitation

To further compare the 2012 and 2016 ensemble forecasts, plots showing the percentile amount above a threshold can be made for total precipitation.

These can also be compared to the CDF curves from Task 2.

As before, this will use the 6-hourly total precipitation for forecast steps at 90, 96 and 102 hours, plotted over France.

Edit the percentile_tp_compare.mv icon.

Set the percentile for the total precipitation to 70% and specify the location as in Tasks 1 & 2:

#The percentile of ENS precipitation forecast
perc=70

location=[44.0,4.1]   # [ lat, lon ] -- use your own values!

Plot the map. It is very similar to the probability map but now shows precipitation values (in mm) for the specified percentile.

From the CDF graph, read the percentile value of 70% on the y-axis and find the total precipitation value indicated on the x-axis.

Use the cursor data icon on the map, as before, and confirm the CDF value agrees with the value at the location on the map (shown by the purple dot).

Repeat this by setting the percentile to 80% and 95%

Exercise 5: Cluster analysis

The paper by Pantillon et al, describes the use of clustering to identify the main scenarios among the ensemble members.

Using clustering will highlight the ensemble members in each cluster in the plots.

In this exercise you will:

• Construct your own qualitative clusters by choosing members for two clusters.
• Generate clusters using principal component analysis.

Enter the folder 'Clusters' in the openifs_2018 folder to begin working.

Task 1: Create your own clusters

Clusters can be created manually from lists of the ensemble members.

Choose members for two clusters. The stamp maps are useful for this task.

From the stamp map of z500 at 24/9/2012 (t+96), identify ensemble members that represent the two most likely forecast scenarios.

It is usual to create clusters from z500 as it represents the large-scale flow and is not a noisy field. However, for this particular case study, the stamp map of 'tp' (total precipitation) over France is also very indicative of the distinct forecast scenarios. 

You can choose any parameter to construct the clusters from, if you think another parameter shows a clear clustering behaviour.

How to create your own cluster

Right-click 'ens_oper_cluster.example.txt' and select Edit (or make a duplicate)

The file contains two example lines:

1#   2  3  4  9  22 33 40
2#   10 11 12 31 49

The first line defines the list of members for 'Cluster 1': in this example, members 2, 3, 4, 9, 22, 33, 40.

The second line defines the list of members for 'Cluster 2': in this example, members 10, 11, 12, 31, 49.

Change these two lines!.
Put your choice of ensemble member numbers for cluster 1 and 2 (lines 1 and 2 respectively).

You can create multiple cluster definitions by using the 'Duplicate' menu option to make copies of the file for use in the plotting macros..

The filename is important!
The first part of the name 'ens_oper' refers to the ensemble dataset and must match the name used in the plotting macro. 
The 'example' part of the filename can be changed to your choice and should match the 'clustersId'.
As an example a filename of: ens_both_cluster.fred.txt would require 'expId=ens_both', 'clustersId=fred' in the macro

Plot maps of parameters as clusters

The macro cluster_to_ref.mv can be used to plot maps of parameters as clusters and compared to the ensemble control forecast and the HRES forecast.

Use cluster_to_ref.mv to plot z500 maps of your two clusters.

If your cluster definition file is called 'ens_oper_cluster.example.txt', then Edit cluster_to_an.mv and set:

#ENS members (use ["all"] or a list of members like [1,2,3]
members_1=["cl.example.1"]
members_2=["cl.example.2"]

If your cluster definition file is has another name, e.g. ens_oper_cluster.fred.txt, then members_1=["cl.fred.1"].

Plot ensembles with clusters

In this part of the task, redo the plots from the previous exercise which looked at ways of plotting ensemble data, but this time with clustering enabled.

Use the clusters of ensemble members you have created in ens_oper_cluster.example.txt.

Set clustersId='example' in each of the stamp.mv and ens_to_ref_spag.mv to enable cluster highlighting.

If time, also try the ens_part_to_all.mv icon. This compares the spread and mean of part of the ensemble to the full ensemble.

Plot other parameters

Use the stamp.mv icon and change it to plot the total precipitation over France with clusters enabled.e.g.

param="tp"
expId="ens_oper"
mapType=2
clustersId="example"

If you choice of clustering is accurate, you should see a clear separation of precipitation over France between the two clusters.

Task 2: Empirical orthogonal functions / Principal component analysis

A quantitative way of clustering an ensemble uses empirical orthogonal functions from the differences between the ensemble members and the control forecast and then using a algorithm to determine the clusters from each ensemble as projected in EOF space (mathematically).

As a smooth dynamical field, geopotential height at 500hPa at 00 24/9/2012 is recommend (it used in the paper by Pantillon et al.), but the steps described below can be used for any parameter at any step.

The eof.mv macro computes the EOFs and the clustering.

param="z500"
expId="ens_oper"
steps=[2012-09-24 00:00]

ens_oper_cluster.eof.txt

#ENS members (use ["all"] or a list of members like [1,2,3]
members_1=["cl.eof.1"]
members_2=["cl.eof.2"]

If time, change the date/time used to compute the clusters. How does the variance explained by the first two clusters change? Is geopotential the best parameter to use?

Changing the number of clusters

To change the number of clusters created by the EOF analysis, edit eof.mv.

Change:

  clusterNum=2

to

  clusterNum=3

Now if you run the eof.mv macro, it will generate a text file, such as ens_oper.eof.txt with 3 lines, one for each cluster. It will also show the 3 clusters as different colours.

You can use the 3 clusters in the cluster_to_ref.mv macro, for example:

param="z500.s"
expId="ens_oper"
members_1=["cl.eof.1"]
members_2=["cl.eof.3"]

would plot the mean of the members in the first and the third clusters (it's not possible to plot all three clusters together).

You can have as many clusters as you like but it does not make sense to go beyond 3 or 4 clusters.

Exercise 6. Assessment of forecast errors

In this exercise, the analyses covering the forecast period are now available to see how Nadine and the cut-off low actually behaved.

Various methods for presenting the forecast error are used in the tasks below.  The clusters created in the previous exercise can also be used.

Enter the 'Forecast errors' folder in the openifs_2018 folder to start work on this exercise.

Task 1: Satellite images

Open the folder 'satellite' (scroll the window if it is not visible).

This folder contains satellite images (water vapour, infra-red, false colour) for 00Z on 20-09-2012 and animations of the infra-red and water vapour images.

Double click the images to display them and watch the observed behaviour of Nadine and the cut-off low.

Task 2: Analyses from 20th Sept.

Now look at the analyses from 20th Sept to observe what actually happened.

Right-click an_1x1.mv, Edit and set the plot to show MSLP and geopotential at 500hPa:

plot1=["z500.s","mslp"]

Click the play button and animate the plot to watch how Nadine and the cut-off low behave.

Drop the mv_track.mv icon to overlay the track of Nadine onto the map.

If time, use the other icons such as an_2x2.mv and an_xs.mv to look at the cross-section through the analyses and compare to the forecast cross-sections from the previous exercises.

Task 3: Compare forecast to analysis

Plot forecast difference maps to see how and when the forecast differed from the analyses.

Use the hres_to_an_diff.mv icon and plot the differences between the z500, MSLP and other fields to how the forecast differences evolve.

Also try the ctrl_to_an_diff.mv icon which plots the difference but this time using the ensemble control forecast.

Task 4: Forecast error curve

In this task, we'll look at the difference between the forecast and the analysis by using "root-mean-square error" (RMSE) curves as a way of summarising the performance of the forecast.

Root-mean square error curves are a standard measure to determine forecast error compared to the analysis and several of the exercises will use them. The RMSE is computed by taking the square-root of the mean of the forecast difference between the HRES and analyses. RMSE of the 500hPa geopotential is a standard measure for assessing forecast model performance at ECMWF (for more information see: http://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/quality-our-forecasts).

Right-click the hres_rmse.mv icon, select 'Edit' and plot the RMSE curve for z500.

Repeat for the mean-sea-level pressure mslp.

Repeat for both geographical regions: mapType=1 (Atlantic) and mapType=2 (France).

Task 5: RMSE "plumes" for the ensemble

This is similar to the previous exercise, except the RMSE curves for all the ensemble members from a particular forecast will be plotted.

Right-click the ens_rmse.mv icon, select 'Edit' and plot the curves for 'mslp' and 'z500'.

Change 'expID' for your choice of ensemble (either ens_oper or ens_2016).

Clusters

First plot the plumes with clustering off:

clustersId="off"

There might be some evidence of clustering in the ensemble plumes.

There might be some individual forecasts that give a lower RMS error than the control forecast.

Next, use the cluster files created from the earlier exercise. You can use either your own created cluster file as before, or use the EOF generated file.

For example:

clustersId="eof"

would use the cluster definitions in the file: ens_oper_cluster.eof.txt (for the 2012 operational ensemble).

The cluster files are 'linked' from the Cluster folder, but if they do not work, just copy the cluster file (e.g. ens_oper_cluster.eof.txt) to the Forecast_errors folder.

Task 6: Difference stamp maps

Use the stamp_diff.mv plot to look at the differences between the ensemble members and the analysis. It can be easier to understand the difference in the ensembles by using difference stamp maps.

Note, stamp_diff.mv cannot be used for 'tp' as there is no precipitation data in the analyses.

Clustering can also be enabled for this task.

Appendix

Further reading

For more information on the stochastic physics scheme in IFS, see the article:

Shutts et al, 2011, ECMWF Newsletter 129.

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the following for their contributions in preparing these exercises. From ECMWF: Glenn Carver, Gabriella Szepszo, Sandor Kertesz, Linus Magnusson, Iain Russell, Simon Lang, Filip Vana. From ENM/Meteo-France: Frédéric Ferry, Etienne Chabot, David Pollack and Thierry Barthet for IT support at ENM.